Narration/speech learning

Narration/speech (Dw³)

Ø  e³vi Dw³‡KB Bs‡iRx‡Z Narration/speech e‡j|

Ø  Narration/speech `yB cÖKvit     1.Direct Narration (cÖZ¨¶ Dw³)

                                                      2. Indirect Narration (c‡iv¶ Dw³)|

Ø  Direct Narration G e³vi K_v‡K ûeû cÖKvk Kiv nq| Ges Indirect Narration G e³vi K_v‡K A‡b¨i gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq|

v  Reporting Verb: Inverted Comma Gi evwn‡ii Ask|  

v  Reported Speech: Inverted Comma Gi wfZ‡ii Ask|

Direct Narration ‡K Indirect Narration G cwieZ©b Kivi wbqgt

Person cwieZ©‡bi wbqgt

1. Reported Speech G 1st Person _vK‡j Zv Reporting Verb Gi Subject Abyhvqx cwiewZ©Z nq|

Direct: He said to me, "I have done my duty."

Indirect: He told me that he had done his duty.

2. Reported Speech G 2nd Person _vK‡j Zv Reporting Verb Gi Object Abyhvqx cwiewZ©Z nq|

Direct: He said to me, "You have done your duty."

Indirect: He told me that I had done my duty.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

3. Reported Speech G 3rd Person _vK‡j Zvi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|

Direct: I said to you, "He has done his duty"

Indirect: I told you that he had done his duty.

4. Reported Speech G We _vK‡j Ges Zv Øviv hw` gvbeRvwZ eySvq Z‡e Zvi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv|

Direct: He said to me, "We are mortal."

Indirect: He told me that we are mortal.

5. Reported Speech G We _vK‡j Ges Zv Øviv Speaker Ges Person spoken to Dfq‡K  eySv‡j  Person Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv|

Direct: He said to me, "We are going to Dhaka tomorrow."

Indirect: He told me that we were going to Dhaka the next day.

Tense cwieZ©‡bi wbqgt

1. Reporting Verb wU Present/Future Tense G _vK‡j Reported Speech G Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv|

Direct: He says, "I am weak"

Indirect: He says that he is weak.

2. Reporting Verb wU Past Tense G _vK‡j Reported Speech G Tense Gi cwieZ©b n‡e|

Reported Speech G--

Present Indefinite Tense                     _vK‡j                Zv  Past Indefinite Tense nq|

Present Continuous Tense                   _vK‡j                Zv  Past Continuous Tense nq|

Present Perfect Tense                          _vK‡j                Zv  Past Perfect Tense nq|

Present Perfect Continuous Tense        _vK‡j                Zv  Past Perfect Continuous Tense nq|

Past Indefinite Tense                          _vK‡j                Zv  Past Perfect Tense nq|

Past Continuous Tense                        _vK‡j                Zv  Past Perfect Continuous Tense nq| Past Perfect Tense                               _vK‡j                Zv Past Perfect Tense nq|

Past Perfect Continuous Tense           _vK‡j                Zv Past Perfect Continuous Tense nq|

Shall          _vK‡j                            Should

Will           _vK‡j                            Would

Can           _vK‡j                            Could

May          _vK‡j                            Might nq|

3. Reported Speech G Must _vK‡j mvaviYZ Zv Had to ‡Z cwiewZ©Z nq|

Direct: He said to me, "I must write an essay now."

Indirect: He told me that he had to write an essay then.

Ø  wKš‘ Must Øviv wPiš—b eva¨ev`KZv eySvB‡j Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|

            Direct: He said to me, "You must obey your teacher."

            Indirect: He told me that I must obey my teacher.

Ø  1st Person G Must Øviv fwel¨‡Zi eva¨ev`KZv eySvB‡j Zv Would have to ‡Z cwiewZ©Z nq|

    Direct: He said to me, "I must go to Dhaka tomorrow."

    Indirect: He told me that he would have to go to Dhaka the next day.

4. Reported Speech Øviv wPiš—b mZ¨/Af¨vmMZ Kg© _vK‡j Zvi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|

Direct: The teacher said to me, "The sun rises in the east." (Universal Truth)

Indirect: The teacher told me that the sun rises in the east.

Direct: He said to me, "I always get up early in the morning." (Habitual Fact)

Indirect: He told me that he always gets up early in the morning.

Adjective/Adverb Gi cwieZ©bt

This     _vK‡j    That (Time eySvB‡j) Ab¨ mgq The

These _vK‡j    Those               Hither _vK‡j    Thither             Come   _vK‡j    Go

Here    _vK‡j    There               Ago     _vK‡j    Before             Thus    _vK‡j    So

Hence _vK‡j    Thence             Today _vK‡j    That day         

Yesterday       _vK‡j    The previous day/The day before.

Tomorrow       _vK‡j    The next day/the following day                    

Last night       _vK‡j    The previous night/The night before.

Last month/last year/last week           _vK‡j    The previous month/year/week

Next month/year/week                       _vK‡j    The following month/year/week.

The day before yesterday                   _vK‡j    Two days before.

The day after tomorrow                     _vK‡j    In two days' time.

Assertive Sentence

Structure: Reporting Verb + that + Reported Speech.

Direct: He said to me, "I always get up early in the morning." (Habitual Fact)

Indirect: He told me that he always gets up early in the morning.

Direct: He said to me, "I must write an essay now."

Indirect: He told me that he had to write an essay then.

Interrogative Sentence

i) Reported Speech wU‡Z hw` ïay Auxiliary Verb Øviv Interrogative Sentence wU _v‡K-

Structure: Reporting Verb Gi Subject + ask(ed) + object (hw` _v‡K) + If/whether + Reported Speech Gi Subject + Finite Verb  †_‡K †kl ch©š—|

Direct: He said to me, "Do you believe me?"

Indirect: He asked me if/whether I believed him.

ii) Reported Speech wU‡Z hw` WH Word Øviv Interrogative Sentence wU _v‡K-

Structure: Reporting Verb Gi Subject + ask(ed) + object (hw` _v‡K) + WH Word + Reported Speech Gi Subject + Finite Verb  †_‡K †kl ch©š—|

Direct: He said to me, "Why do you cheat me?"

Indirect: He asked me why I cheated him.

Imperative Sentence

Structure: Reporting Verb Gi Subject + Order(d)/request(ed)/advise(d)/forbid (forbade)/ask(ed)/tell(told) + object + to + Reported Speech Gi Principal Verb  †_‡K †kl ch©š—|

(Note: Av‡`k eySvB‡Z Order Aby‡iva eySvB‡Z request Dc‡`k eySvB‡Z advise wb‡la eySvB‡Z forbid e¨eüZ nq| Avi hLb Av‡`k, Aby‡iva, Dc‡`k, wb‡la †Kvb wKQyB †evaMg¨ nq bv ZLb tell e¨eüZ nq| GB Sentence G ask A‡bK mgq e¨eüZ nq|)

Direct: He said to me, "Please, help me."

Indirect: He requested me to help him.

Direct: Father said to me, "Go home at once."

Indirect: Father ordered me to go home at once.

Reported Speech wU Let us Øviv _vK‡j-

Structure: Reporting Verb Gi Subject + Propose(d)/suggest(ed) + (to + object,  hw` _v‡K) + that + we/they + should + Reported Speech Gi Principal Verb  †_‡K †kl ch©š—|

Direct: He said to me, "Let us go."

Indirect: He suggested to me that we should go.

Direct: The chairman said, "Let us settle the dispute."

Indirect: The chairman proposed that we should settle the dispute.

Ø Reported Speech wU Let me/him/her/them Øviv _vK‡j-

Structure: Reporting Verb + that + Let Gi c‡ii Pronoun wUi subjective form (Person cwieZ©‡bi wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨) + may/might/may be allowed to /might be allowed to + Reported Speech Gi Principal Verb †_‡K †kl ch©š—|

                                                                                  

[Reporting Verb wU Present Tense  G _vK‡j may/may be allowed to Ges Reporting Verb wU Past Tense  G _vK‡j might/might be allowed to e‡m|]

Direct: He said to me, "Let me go."

Indirect: He told me that he might/might be allowed to go.

Optative Sentence

Structure: Reporting Verb Gi Subject + Pray(ed)/Wish(ed) + that + Reported Speech Gi Subject (Person cwieZ©‡bi wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨) + might + Principal Verb  †_‡K †kl ch©š—| (cÖv_©bvi †¶‡Î Pray B”Qvi †¶‡Î Wish e¨eüZ nq|)

Direct: He said to me, "May Allah help you."

Indirect: He prayed that Allah might help me.

Exclamatory Sentence

Structure: Reporting Verb Gi Subject + cry(cried) out; shout(ed); exclaim(ed); exclaim(ed) with joy/sorrow/wonder/surprise/shame etc. + that + Reported Speech Gi Subject (Person cwieZ©‡bi wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨) + Verb + very/great + adjective/adverb/noun +  evwK Ask|

(Note: Reported Speech G hw` how/what bv _v‡K Z‡e very/great e‡m bv| adjective/adverb Gi c~‡e© very Ges noun Gi c~‡e© great e‡m|)

Direct: He said to me, "What a nice bird it is!"

Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very nice bird.

Direct: He said to me, "How beautiful the girl is!"

Indirect: He exclaimed that the girl was very beautiful.

Direct: He said to me, "Alas! My friend is dead."

Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow/grief/regret that his friend was dead.

Direct: He said to me, "How dirty the house is!"

Indirect: He exclaimed that the house was very dirty.