Tense

Tense

Tense A_© Kvj| wµqv ev KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi mgq‡KB Tense ev Kvj e‡j|

Classification: cÖavbZ †K 3fv‡M fvM Kiv nqt

1. Present Tense (eZ©gvb Kvj)

2. Past Tense (AZxZ Kvj)

3. Future Tense (fwel¨Z Kvj)

G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Avevi 4fv‡M fvM Kiv nqt

1. Indefinite/simple   2. Continuous 

3. Perfect Simple       4. Perfect continuous

           

            AZGe Tense me©‡gvU (3x4)=12 cÖKvi| wb‡æ G‡`i MVbcÖYvjx, ‰ewkó Ges evsjvq wPwbevi Dcvq            we¯—vwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt

1. Present Indefinite Tense: †Kvb KvR eZ©gv‡b mPivPi msNwUZ nq eySv‡j ev wPimZ¨ A_ev Af¨vmMZ Kg© eySv‡j Present Indefinite Tense nq|

evsjvq wPwbevi Dcvqt evsjv wµqvi †k‡l G, B, A, q BZ¨vw` wPý _v‡K| †hgbt †m eB c‡o| GLv‡b Ôc‡oÕ wµqvwUi c~Y©iƒc njt co + G = c‡o|

Voice

Voice (evP¨)

Voice `yB cÖKvit 1. Active Voice KZ…©evP¨  2. Passive Voice (Kg©evP¨)

1.         Active Voice (KZ…©evP¨)t Active Voice G Subject wb‡R mwµqfv‡e KvR K‡i| †hgbt

·      He writes a letter. GLv‡b Subject He wb‡RB wPwVwU †j‡L|

2.         Passive Voice (Kg©evP¨)t  Subject wb‡R mwµqfv‡e KvR K‡i bv eis A‡b¨i KvR Zvi Dci cwZZ         nq| †hgbt He is beaten by me. GLv‡b Subject He Gi Dci gviv KvRwU cwZZ n‡q‡Q|

Assertive Sentence

Active Voice †K Passive Voice G cwieZ©b Kivi mvaviY wbqgt

1.         Structure: Active Voice Gi Object wUi Subjective Form + Tense I Person Abhvqx    Auxiliary Verb + Principal Verb Gi Past Participle Form + By + Active Voice Gi          Subject  wUi Objective Form| †hgbt

            Active: I helped him.

            Passive: He was helped by me.

Passive Voice G e¨eüZ Auxiliary Verb:

Tense	Auxiliary Verb
Present Indefinite	Am, is, are
Present Continuous	Am being, is being, are being
Present Perfect	Have been, has been
Past Indefinite	Was, were
Past Continuous	Was being, were being
Past Perfect	Had been
Future Indefinite	Shall be, will be
Future Continuous	Shall be being, will be being
Future Perfect	Shall have been, will have been

Transformation

Affirmative into Negative

1. Only/alone hy³ Affirmative Sentence ‡K Negative Sentence G cwieZ©b Ki‡Zt

§ e¨w³i †¶‡Ît None but

§ e¯‘i †¶‡Ît Nothing but

§ eqm ev msL¨vi †¶‡Ît Not more than/not less than

Aff: Allah alone can help us.

Neg: None but Allah can help us.

Aff: Only the fittest will survive.

Neg: None but the fittest will survive.

Aff: I bought only a book.

Neg: I bought nothing but a book.

Aff: There are only fifty pages in the book.

Neg: There are not more than fifty pages in the book.

Aff: I am only fifty.

Neg: I am not more than fifty.

2. Must/Have to hy³ Affirmative Sentence ‡K Negative Sentence G cwieZ©b Ki‡Zt

§ Must/Have to Gi cwie‡Z© Cannot but/cannot help (Cannot help e¨envi Ki‡j verb mv‡_ ing ‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|)

Aff: We must die one day.

Neg: We cannot but die one day. Or, We cannot help dying one day.

Aff: We have to submit to God.

Neg: We cannot but submit to God.

Tag Question

Tag Question

Tag Question k‡ãi A_© ¶z‡` cÖkœ| G cÖkœ¸‡jv †Kvb Statement Gi †k‡l Ry‡o †`qv nq| mvaviYZ G ai‡bi cÖkœ Spoken Gi Rb¨ †ekx e¨eüZ nq|

Tag Question MV‡bi wbqgt

Ø cÖ`Ë Statement wU AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq e‡m + ( , ) + Statement Gi Auxiliary Verb (ïaygvÎ Statement wU Present Indefinite Ges Past Indefinite Tense Gi Affirmative Form G _vK‡j Auxiliary Verb _v‡K bv| Present Indefinite Tense Gi Rb¨ Don't/doesn't Ges Past Indefinite Tense Gi Rb¨ Didn't Auxiliary Verb wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|) + cÖ`Ë Statement wUi  Subject e‡m + ?  [me mgq Subject wUi Pronoun Form e‡m|]

Ø Statement wU Affirmative n‡j Tag wU Negative n‡e |

Ø Statement wU Negative n‡j Tag wU Affirmative n‡e |

Ø Negative Tag Gi †¶‡Î Contracted Negative Form (n't) e¨eüZ nq|

Right Form of Verb

Right Form of Verb

Ges

Subject Verb Agreement

Right Form of Verb G fvj Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B Tense m¤^‡Ü fvj avibv _vK‡Z n‡e| ZvQvovI wbæwjwLZ wbqg¸‡jv Right Form of Verb AviI fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

1. Universal Truth (wPiš—b mZ¨) Habitual Fact (Af¨vmMZ Kg©) eySv‡Z  Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgbt

·      The moon (shine) at night. (Universal Truth)

     The moon shines at night.

·      I (get) up very early in the morning. (Habitual Fact)

     I get up very early in the morning.

2. Always, usually, sometimes, occasionally, often, very often, normally, generally, naturally, daily, everyday, regularly GB Adverb ¸wji mv‡_ mvaviYZ Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ nq|  ‡hgbt

·      He always (disturb) me. 

     He always disturbs me. 

·      He (go) to school regularly.

     He goes to school regularly.

3. Be verb wenxb †Kvb evK¨ Negative/Interrogative Form G †`Iqv _vK‡j Negative Gi †¶‡Î Tense I Subject Gi Person I Number Abyhvqx Not Gi c~‡e© Do/does/did Ges Interrogative Gi †¶‡Î Subject Gi c~‡e© Tense I Subject Gi Person I Number Abyhvqx  Do/does/did e‡m|

Preposition

Preposition

‡h Word Noun Group Gi c~‡e© e¨eüZ n‡q Zvi m‡½ ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ Ab¨ Word Gi mwnZ m¤^Ü ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡K Preposition e‡j| ‡hgbt I cannot depend on you.

Noun Group njt

1. Noun

2. Pronoun

3. Gerund (Verb Gi mwnZ ing ‡hv‡M MwVZ nq Ges Noun gZ KvR K‡i|)

4. Noun Phrase (k㸔Q hv Noun gZ KvR K‡i|)

5. Noun Clause (Kgc‡¶ GKwU Subject I GKwU Finite Verb _v‡K hv  Noun gZ KvR K‡i|)

6. Infinitive (Verb Gi c~‡e© to ‡hv‡M MwVZ nq Ges Noun gZ KvR K‡i|)

Preposition ¸wj wbæi“ct

At, in, to, into, by, with, on, upon, over, above, beside, besides, between, among, since, for, from, of, before, after, within, below, behind etc.

Prefixes and suffixes

Prefixes and suffixes

1. Prefixes A prefix is a group of letters at the beginning of a  word which changes the word’s meaning. Here is a list of the most common prefixes and examples of how those prefixes are used.	2. Suffixes A suffix is a group of letters at the end of a word which changes the word’s meaning and often its part of speech. Here is a list of the most common suffixes and examples of how those suffixes are used.

Phrasal verbs

Ø A phrasal verb is a verb followed by an adverb or preposition.

·    run away (verb + adverb)

·    look after (verb + preposition)

Ø The adverb or preposition in a phrasal verb is also called the particle.

Ø A phrasal verb can also be a verb followed by an adverb and a preposition.

·    get on with,   run out of

Ø Some people also call phrasal verbs ‘multiword verbs’ or ‘prepositional verbs’ or group verbs’.

Ø Intransitive phrasal verbs

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive and some are transitive. Here is an example of an intransitive phrasal verb, (one not needing an object).

run out I went to see if there was any milk left in the fridge but found that we

had run out (= there was no milk left in the fridge).

Ø Transitive phrasal verbs

Here is an example of a transitive phrasal verb (one needing an object).

run sth up Tanjil ran up huge debts by borrowing money to try to keep the company going. (= he spent so much that he had very large debts).

In the dictionary we show transitive phrasal verbs by writing the phrasal verb with ‘sb’ (short for ‘somebody’) or ‘sth’ (short for ‘something’). This shows that the phrasal verb has to have an object. In the example above,we show ‘run sth up’because you can only ‘run something up’, you can’t just ‘run up’. If a phrasal verb can be transitive and intransitive,we show it like this: light (sth) up. The bracketed (sth) shows that something can ‘light up’ or it can ‘light something up’.

Moving the object with a transitive phrasal verb

If a phrasal verb is transitive, you need to know if you can put an object between the verb and the particle. For example, you can do this with take off but not with look after.

Take your coat off. ✓ Look after yourself. ✓

Take off your coat. ✓ Look yourself after. ✗

[For knowing the position of object, see Word order with phrasal verbs]

Narration/speech learning

Narration/speech (Dw³)

Ø  e³vi Dw³‡KB Bs‡iRx‡Z Narration/speech e‡j|

Ø  Narration/speech `yB cÖKvit     1.Direct Narration (cÖZ¨¶ Dw³)

                                                      2. Indirect Narration (c‡iv¶ Dw³)|

Ø  Direct Narration G e³vi K_v‡K ûeû cÖKvk Kiv nq| Ges Indirect Narration G e³vi K_v‡K A‡b¨i gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq|

v  Reporting Verb: Inverted Comma Gi evwn‡ii Ask|  

v  Reported Speech: Inverted Comma Gi wfZ‡ii Ask|

Direct Narration ‡K Indirect Narration G cwieZ©b Kivi wbqgt

Person cwieZ©‡bi wbqgt

1. Reported Speech G 1st Person _vK‡j Zv Reporting Verb Gi Subject Abyhvqx cwiewZ©Z nq|

Direct: He said to me, "I have done my duty."

Indirect: He told me that he had done his duty.

Letter & Application

Letter n‡jv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g| Avgv‡`i AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I eÜz-evÜe hviv `yi-`~iv‡š— evm K‡i Letter w`‡q Avgiv Zv‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kwi| GQvov miKwi I Avav-miKvwi wewfbœ KvR Kg© †_‡K ïi“ K‡i e¨emvwqK †jb-‡`b I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Letter Gi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg|

cÖKvi‡f`t Letter †K Avgiv cuvP fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi|

1. Private or Personal Letter: (e¨w³MZ wPwVcÎ)t AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb, eÜz-evÜe Ges cwiwPZ I AcwiwPZ e¨w³‡`i Kv‡Q G ai‡bi wPwV †jLv nq|

2. Business or Commercial Letter: (e¨emv msµvš— wPwVcÎ)t ‰elwqK KvRKg© I e¨emvwqK †jb-‡`b msµvš— †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î G ai‡bi wPwV †jLv nq|

3. Official Letter: (miKvwi ev †emiKvwi Awdm msµvš— wPwVcÎ)t miKvwi I †emiKvwi Awdmmg~‡ni wewfbœ cÖKvi Av‡`k I wb‡`©k, wewfbœ ai‡bi `iLv¯—, wb‡qvM I QzwUi Av‡e`b, cÖksmvcÎ, Awf‡hvMcÎ, ¯§viKwjwd BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î G ai‡bi wPwV †jLv nq|

Interjection Learning

‡h Word g‡bi AvKw¯§K AbyfywZ (Avb›`/`ytL/‡e`bv/we¯§q) A_ev k³ AbyfywZ cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Interjection e‡j|

†hgbt Hurrah! We have won the match. (wK Lywk! Avgiv †Ljvq wRwZqvwQ|)

wbæwjwLZ Word ¸wj cÖvqkt Interjection wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nqt

Ah! (Av!)                      Alas! (nvq!)                   Bravo (mvevm!)             Eh! (Bm!)

Fie! (wQ!)                       Hallo! (I‡n!)                Hark! (H †kvb!)             Hush! (Pzc!)

Ha! Ha! (nv! nv!)           Oh! (In!)                     Shame! (wK j¾v!)

Conjunction Learning

Conjunction

Conjunction `ywU GKB ai‡bi Parts of Speech ‡K A_ev `ywU Clause ‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt  

·      He is kind and honest.

·      If you do it again, you will be punished.

GLv‡b cÖ_g D`vni‡Y And `ywU GKB ai‡bi A_©vs `ywU Adjective †K hy³ K‡i‡Q| Ges wØZxq D`vni‡Y If `ywU Clause †K hy&³ K‡i‡Q|

Classification: Classification `yB cÖKvi|

1. Coordinating Conjunction

2. Subordinating Conjunction

Completing Sentence Part (Forming Complex Sentence)

Completing Sentence

                       

1.   So.............. that (GZB .......... †h)

      Viz:  He is so weak that .................... .

               He is so weak that he cannot walk fast.

2.   So that/In order that/So as that (hv‡Z) D‡Ïk¨g~jK evK¨|

      Viz:  He went to Dhaka so that .................... .

               He went to Dhaka so that he could buy some valuable gifts.

3.   Provided/providing that/providing that (‡KejgvÎ hw`)

      Viz:  You can take my book providing that .................... .

               You can take my book providing that you use it carefully.

4.   Lest (hv‡Z bv/ cv‡Q)

      Viz:  He walks fast lest .................... .

               He walks fast lest he should miss the train.

5.   Unless (hw` bv)

      Viz:  You cannot make a good result unless .................... .

               You cannot make a good result unless you study hard.

6.   Until/till (hZ¶b bv)

      Viz:  Don't leave the place until .................... .

               Don't leave the place until I come back.

               Wait until .................... .

               Wait until Arif has gone. (Don't say anything while Arif is here.)

Article & Some essential Rules Learning

Article t Bs‡iRx fvlvq e¨eüZ  a, an Ges the ‡K Article ejv nq|

                        Article `yB cÖKvi|

·    Indefinite Article.

·    Definite Article

v  Indefinite Article:  A I an  Øviv †Kvb Awbw`ó e¨w³, e¯‘ I cÖvYx‡K eySvq ewjqv Bnvw`M‡K Indefinite Article e‡j|  AI an  Øviv †Kvb Awbw`ó e¨w³, e¯‘ I cÖvYxi GKwU gvÎ msL¨v eySv‡bv nq| "A boy" Phrase Gi evsjv A_© n‡”Q GKwU evjK, G‡¶‡Î Awbw`ó †Kvb GKRb evjK‡K eySv‡bv n‡”Q| A_©‡f‡` AI an  Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ bvB| Z‡e e¨envi †f‡` Bnv‡`i cv_©K¨ iwnqv‡Q|