Prefixes and suffixes

Prefixes and suffixes

1. Prefixes A prefix is a group of letters at the beginning of a  word which changes the word’s meaning. Here is a list of the most common prefixes and examples of how those prefixes are used.	2. Suffixes A suffix is a group of letters at the end of a word which changes the word’s meaning and often its part of speech. Here is a list of the most common suffixes and examples of how those suffixes are used.

Phrasal verbs

Ø A phrasal verb is a verb followed by an adverb or preposition.

·    run away (verb + adverb)

·    look after (verb + preposition)

Ø The adverb or preposition in a phrasal verb is also called the particle.

Ø A phrasal verb can also be a verb followed by an adverb and a preposition.

·    get on with,   run out of

Ø Some people also call phrasal verbs ‘multiword verbs’ or ‘prepositional verbs’ or group verbs’.

Ø Intransitive phrasal verbs

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive and some are transitive. Here is an example of an intransitive phrasal verb, (one not needing an object).

run out I went to see if there was any milk left in the fridge but found that we

had run out (= there was no milk left in the fridge).

Ø Transitive phrasal verbs

Here is an example of a transitive phrasal verb (one needing an object).

run sth up Tanjil ran up huge debts by borrowing money to try to keep the company going. (= he spent so much that he had very large debts).

In the dictionary we show transitive phrasal verbs by writing the phrasal verb with ‘sb’ (short for ‘somebody’) or ‘sth’ (short for ‘something’). This shows that the phrasal verb has to have an object. In the example above,we show ‘run sth up’because you can only ‘run something up’, you can’t just ‘run up’. If a phrasal verb can be transitive and intransitive,we show it like this: light (sth) up. The bracketed (sth) shows that something can ‘light up’ or it can ‘light something up’.

Moving the object with a transitive phrasal verb

If a phrasal verb is transitive, you need to know if you can put an object between the verb and the particle. For example, you can do this with take off but not with look after.

Take your coat off. ✓ Look after yourself. ✓

Take off your coat. ✓ Look yourself after. ✗

[For knowing the position of object, see Word order with phrasal verbs]

Narration/speech learning

Narration/speech (Dw³)

Ø  e³vi Dw³‡KB Bs‡iRx‡Z Narration/speech e‡j|

Ø  Narration/speech `yB cÖKvit     1.Direct Narration (cÖZ¨¶ Dw³)

                                                      2. Indirect Narration (c‡iv¶ Dw³)|

Ø  Direct Narration G e³vi K_v‡K ûeû cÖKvk Kiv nq| Ges Indirect Narration G e³vi K_v‡K A‡b¨i gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq|

v  Reporting Verb: Inverted Comma Gi evwn‡ii Ask|  

v  Reported Speech: Inverted Comma Gi wfZ‡ii Ask|

Direct Narration ‡K Indirect Narration G cwieZ©b Kivi wbqgt

Person cwieZ©‡bi wbqgt

1. Reported Speech G 1st Person _vK‡j Zv Reporting Verb Gi Subject Abyhvqx cwiewZ©Z nq|

Direct: He said to me, "I have done my duty."

Indirect: He told me that he had done his duty.

Letter & Application

Letter n‡jv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g| Avgv‡`i AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I eÜz-evÜe hviv `yi-`~iv‡š— evm K‡i Letter w`‡q Avgiv Zv‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kwi| GQvov miKwi I Avav-miKvwi wewfbœ KvR Kg© †_‡K ïi“ K‡i e¨emvwqK †jb-‡`b I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Letter Gi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg|

cÖKvi‡f`t Letter †K Avgiv cuvP fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi|

1. Private or Personal Letter: (e¨w³MZ wPwVcÎ)t AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb, eÜz-evÜe Ges cwiwPZ I AcwiwPZ e¨w³‡`i Kv‡Q G ai‡bi wPwV †jLv nq|

2. Business or Commercial Letter: (e¨emv msµvš— wPwVcÎ)t ‰elwqK KvRKg© I e¨emvwqK †jb-‡`b msµvš— †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î G ai‡bi wPwV †jLv nq|

3. Official Letter: (miKvwi ev †emiKvwi Awdm msµvš— wPwVcÎ)t miKvwi I †emiKvwi Awdmmg~‡ni wewfbœ cÖKvi Av‡`k I wb‡`©k, wewfbœ ai‡bi `iLv¯—, wb‡qvM I QzwUi Av‡e`b, cÖksmvcÎ, Awf‡hvMcÎ, ¯§viKwjwd BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î G ai‡bi wPwV †jLv nq|

Interjection Learning

‡h Word g‡bi AvKw¯§K AbyfywZ (Avb›`/`ytL/‡e`bv/we¯§q) A_ev k³ AbyfywZ cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Interjection e‡j|

†hgbt Hurrah! We have won the match. (wK Lywk! Avgiv †Ljvq wRwZqvwQ|)

wbæwjwLZ Word ¸wj cÖvqkt Interjection wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nqt

Ah! (Av!)                      Alas! (nvq!)                   Bravo (mvevm!)             Eh! (Bm!)

Fie! (wQ!)                       Hallo! (I‡n!)                Hark! (H †kvb!)             Hush! (Pzc!)

Ha! Ha! (nv! nv!)           Oh! (In!)                     Shame! (wK j¾v!)

Conjunction Learning

Conjunction

Conjunction `ywU GKB ai‡bi Parts of Speech ‡K A_ev `ywU Clause ‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt  

·      He is kind and honest.

·      If you do it again, you will be punished.

GLv‡b cÖ_g D`vni‡Y And `ywU GKB ai‡bi A_©vs `ywU Adjective †K hy³ K‡i‡Q| Ges wØZxq D`vni‡Y If `ywU Clause †K hy&³ K‡i‡Q|

Classification: Classification `yB cÖKvi|

1. Coordinating Conjunction

2. Subordinating Conjunction

Completing Sentence Part (Forming Complex Sentence)

Completing Sentence

                       

1.   So.............. that (GZB .......... †h)

      Viz:  He is so weak that .................... .

               He is so weak that he cannot walk fast.

2.   So that/In order that/So as that (hv‡Z) D‡Ïk¨g~jK evK¨|

      Viz:  He went to Dhaka so that .................... .

               He went to Dhaka so that he could buy some valuable gifts.

3.   Provided/providing that/providing that (‡KejgvÎ hw`)

      Viz:  You can take my book providing that .................... .

               You can take my book providing that you use it carefully.

4.   Lest (hv‡Z bv/ cv‡Q)

      Viz:  He walks fast lest .................... .

               He walks fast lest he should miss the train.

5.   Unless (hw` bv)

      Viz:  You cannot make a good result unless .................... .

               You cannot make a good result unless you study hard.

6.   Until/till (hZ¶b bv)

      Viz:  Don't leave the place until .................... .

               Don't leave the place until I come back.

               Wait until .................... .

               Wait until Arif has gone. (Don't say anything while Arif is here.)