aa

Tense

Tense

Tense A_© Kvj| wµqv ev KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi mgq‡KB Tense ev Kvj e‡j|

Classification: cÖavbZ †K 3fv‡M fvM Kiv nqt

1. Present Tense (eZ©gvb Kvj)

2. Past Tense (AZxZ Kvj)

3. Future Tense (fwel¨Z Kvj)

G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Avevi 4fv‡M fvM Kiv nqt

1. Indefinite/simple   2. Continuous 

3. Perfect Simple       4. Perfect continuous

           

            AZGe Tense me©‡gvU (3x4)=12 cÖKvi| wb‡æ G‡`i MVbcÖYvjx, ‰ewkó Ges evsjvq wPwbevi Dcvq            we¯—vwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt

1. Present Indefinite Tense: †Kvb KvR eZ©gv‡b mPivPi msNwUZ nq eySv‡j ev wPimZ¨ A_ev Af¨vmMZ Kg© eySv‡j Present Indefinite Tense nq|

evsjvq wPwbevi Dcvqt evsjv wµqvi †k‡l G, B, A, q BZ¨vw` wPý _v‡K| †hgbt †m eB c‡o| GLv‡b Ôc‡oÕ wµqvwUi c~Y©iƒc njt co + G = c‡o|

Voice

Voice (evP¨)

Voice `yB cÖKvit 1. Active Voice KZ…©evP¨  2. Passive Voice (Kg©evP¨)

1.         Active Voice (KZ…©evP¨)t Active Voice G Subject wb‡R mwµqfv‡e KvR K‡i| †hgbt

·      He writes a letter. GLv‡b Subject He wb‡RB wPwVwU †j‡L|

2.         Passive Voice (Kg©evP¨)t  Subject wb‡R mwµqfv‡e KvR K‡i bv eis A‡b¨i KvR Zvi Dci cwZZ         nq| †hgbt He is beaten by me. GLv‡b Subject He Gi Dci gviv KvRwU cwZZ n‡q‡Q|

Assertive Sentence

Active Voice †K Passive Voice G cwieZ©b Kivi mvaviY wbqgt

1.         Structure: Active Voice Gi Object wUi Subjective Form + Tense I Person Abhvqx    Auxiliary Verb + Principal Verb Gi Past Participle Form + By + Active Voice Gi          Subject  wUi Objective Form| †hgbt

            Active: I helped him.

            Passive: He was helped by me.

Passive Voice G e¨eüZ Auxiliary Verb:

Tense	Auxiliary Verb
Present Indefinite	Am, is, are
Present Continuous	Am being, is being, are being
Present Perfect	Have been, has been
Past Indefinite	Was, were
Past Continuous	Was being, were being
Past Perfect	Had been
Future Indefinite	Shall be, will be
Future Continuous	Shall be being, will be being
Future Perfect	Shall have been, will have been

Transformation

Affirmative into Negative

1. Only/alone hy³ Affirmative Sentence ‡K Negative Sentence G cwieZ©b Ki‡Zt

§ e¨w³i †¶‡Ît None but

§ e¯‘i †¶‡Ît Nothing but

§ eqm ev msL¨vi †¶‡Ît Not more than/not less than

Aff: Allah alone can help us.

Neg: None but Allah can help us.

Aff: Only the fittest will survive.

Neg: None but the fittest will survive.

Aff: I bought only a book.

Neg: I bought nothing but a book.

Aff: There are only fifty pages in the book.

Neg: There are not more than fifty pages in the book.

Aff: I am only fifty.

Neg: I am not more than fifty.

2. Must/Have to hy³ Affirmative Sentence ‡K Negative Sentence G cwieZ©b Ki‡Zt

§ Must/Have to Gi cwie‡Z© Cannot but/cannot help (Cannot help e¨envi Ki‡j verb mv‡_ ing ‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|)

Aff: We must die one day.

Neg: We cannot but die one day. Or, We cannot help dying one day.

Aff: We have to submit to God.

Neg: We cannot but submit to God.

Tag Question

Tag Question

Tag Question k‡ãi A_© ¶z‡` cÖkœ| G cÖkœ¸‡jv †Kvb Statement Gi †k‡l Ry‡o †`qv nq| mvaviYZ G ai‡bi cÖkœ Spoken Gi Rb¨ †ekx e¨eüZ nq|

Tag Question MV‡bi wbqgt

Ø cÖ`Ë Statement wU AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq e‡m + ( , ) + Statement Gi Auxiliary Verb (ïaygvÎ Statement wU Present Indefinite Ges Past Indefinite Tense Gi Affirmative Form G _vK‡j Auxiliary Verb _v‡K bv| Present Indefinite Tense Gi Rb¨ Don't/doesn't Ges Past Indefinite Tense Gi Rb¨ Didn't Auxiliary Verb wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|) + cÖ`Ë Statement wUi  Subject e‡m + ?  [me mgq Subject wUi Pronoun Form e‡m|]

Ø Statement wU Affirmative n‡j Tag wU Negative n‡e |

Ø Statement wU Negative n‡j Tag wU Affirmative n‡e |

Ø Negative Tag Gi †¶‡Î Contracted Negative Form (n't) e¨eüZ nq|

Right Form of Verb

Right Form of Verb

Ges

Subject Verb Agreement

Right Form of Verb G fvj Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B Tense m¤^‡Ü fvj avibv _vK‡Z n‡e| ZvQvovI wbæwjwLZ wbqg¸‡jv Right Form of Verb AviI fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

1. Universal Truth (wPiš—b mZ¨) Habitual Fact (Af¨vmMZ Kg©) eySv‡Z  Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgbt

·      The moon (shine) at night. (Universal Truth)

     The moon shines at night.

·      I (get) up very early in the morning. (Habitual Fact)

     I get up very early in the morning.

2. Always, usually, sometimes, occasionally, often, very often, normally, generally, naturally, daily, everyday, regularly GB Adverb ¸wji mv‡_ mvaviYZ Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ nq|  ‡hgbt

·      He always (disturb) me. 

     He always disturbs me. 

·      He (go) to school regularly.

     He goes to school regularly.

3. Be verb wenxb †Kvb evK¨ Negative/Interrogative Form G †`Iqv _vK‡j Negative Gi †¶‡Î Tense I Subject Gi Person I Number Abyhvqx Not Gi c~‡e© Do/does/did Ges Interrogative Gi †¶‡Î Subject Gi c~‡e© Tense I Subject Gi Person I Number Abyhvqx  Do/does/did e‡m|

Preposition

Preposition

‡h Word Noun Group Gi c~‡e© e¨eüZ n‡q Zvi m‡½ ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ Ab¨ Word Gi mwnZ m¤^Ü ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡K Preposition e‡j| ‡hgbt I cannot depend on you.

Noun Group njt

1. Noun

2. Pronoun

3. Gerund (Verb Gi mwnZ ing ‡hv‡M MwVZ nq Ges Noun gZ KvR K‡i|)

4. Noun Phrase (k㸔Q hv Noun gZ KvR K‡i|)

5. Noun Clause (Kgc‡¶ GKwU Subject I GKwU Finite Verb _v‡K hv  Noun gZ KvR K‡i|)

6. Infinitive (Verb Gi c~‡e© to ‡hv‡M MwVZ nq Ges Noun gZ KvR K‡i|)

Preposition ¸wj wbæi“ct

At, in, to, into, by, with, on, upon, over, above, beside, besides, between, among, since, for, from, of, before, after, within, below, behind etc.